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December 27, 2007 Browning' the technology of Africa
By G. Pascal Zachary, Taipei Times
FORGET THE MASSACHUSETTS institute of Technology. Hello, Tsing Hua
University. For Clothilde Tingiri, a hot young programmer at Rwanda's top
software company, dreams of Beijing, not Cambridge, to realize her
ambitions. Desperate for more education, this fall she plans to attend
graduate school in computer science -- in China, not the US.
The Chinese are no strangers to Rwanda. Near Tingiri's office, Rwanda's
largest telecom company, Rwandatel, is installing new wireless telephony
equipment made by Huawei of Shenzen. Africa boasts the world's
fastest-growing market for wireless telephony, and Huawei -- with offices in
14 African countries -- is running away with the business, sending scores of
engineers into the bush to bring a new generation of low-cost technology to
some of the planet's poorest people.
Motivated by profit and market share rather than philanthropy, Huawei is
outpacing US and European rivals through lower prices, faster action and a
greater willingness to work in difficult environments.
According to Chris Lundh, the American chief of Rwandatel, "That's the way
things work in Africa now. The Chinese do it all."
Well, not quite. Across sub-Saharan Africa, engineers from India -- armed
with appropriate technologies honed in their home market -- are also making
their mark. India supplies Africa with computer-education courses, the most
reliable water pumps, low-cost rice-milling equipment and dozens of other
technologies.
The sudden influx of Chinese and Indian technologies represents the
"browning" of African technology, which has long been the domain of "white"
Americans and Europeans who want to apply their saving hand to African
problems.
"It is a tectonic shift to the East with shattering implications," says
Calestous Juma, a Kenyan professor at Harvard University who advises the
African Union on technology policy.
One big change is in education. There are roughly 2,000 African students in
China, most of whom are pursuing engineering and science courses.
According to Juma, that number is expected to double over the next two
years, making China "Africa's leading destination for science and
engineering education."
The "browning" of technology in Africa is only in its infancy, but the shift
is likely to accelerate. Chinese and Indian engineers hail from places that
have much more in common with nitty-gritty Africa than comfortable Silicon
Valley or Cambridge. Africa also offers a testing ground for Asian-designed
technologies that are not yet ready for US or European markets.
A good example is a solar-powered cooking stove from India, which has
experimented with such stoves for decades. Wood-burning stoves are
responsible for much of Africa's deforestation and, in many African cities
where wood accounts for the majority of cooking fuel, its price is soaring.
The Indian stove is clearly a work-in-progress; it is too bulky and not
durable enough to survive the rigors of an African village. But with India's
vast internal market, many designers have an incentive to improve it. How
many designers in the US or Europe can say the same?
Of course, technology transfer from China and India could be a mere
smokescreen for a new "brown imperialism" aimed at exploiting African oil,
food, and minerals. In recent years, China's government alone has invested
billions of dollars in African infrastructure and resource extraction,
raising suspicions that a new scramble for Africa is underway.
But Africans genuinely need foreign technology, and the Chinese, in
particular, are pushing hard -- even flamboyantly -- to fill the gap. This
year, Nigeria's government bought a Chinese-made satellite and even paid the
Chinese to launch it into space in May. China was so eager to provide space
technology to Africa's most populous country that it beat out 21 other
bidders for a contract worth US$300 million.
China's technology inroads are usually less dramatic, but no less telling.
In African medicine, Chinese herbs and pharmaceuticals are quietly gaining
share. For example, the Chinese-made anti-malarial drug artesunate has
become part of the standard treatment within just a few years.
Likewise, Chinese mastery over ultra-small, cheap "micro-hydro" dams, which
can generate tiny amounts of electricity from mere trickles of water,
appeals to power-short, river-rich Africans. Tens of thousands of
micro-hydro systems operate in China, and nearly none in Africa.
American do-gooders like Nicholas Negroponte, with his US$100 laptop, have
identified the right problem: Africa is way behind technologically and rapid
leap-frogging is possible. But Chinese and Indian scientists argue that
Africa can benefit from a changing of the technological guard.
They may be right.
G. Pascal Zachary is the author of The Diversity Advantage: Multicultural
Identity in the New World Economy and a fellow of the German Marshall Fund. |
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